Hypoparathyroidism is a rare Endocrine Disorder characterized by insufficient production of Parathyroid Hormone by the Parathyroid Glands. This deficiency leads to abnormally low levels of Calcium (hypocalcemia) and elevated Phosphate in the blood, disrupting the body's Mineral Homeostasis.
Causes
The most common cause of hypoparathyroidism is damage to the parathyroid glands during neck surgery, particularly Thyroidectomy or parathyroidectomy. Other causes include autoimmune diseases, genetic disorders, radiation treatment to the neck, or magnesium deficiency.
Symptoms
Symptoms are primarily related to Hypocalcemia and can range from mild to severe. Common manifestations include muscle cramps, spasms (Tetany), tingling or numbness in the fingers, toes, and lips, and fatigue. In more severe cases, patients may experience seizures, cardiac arrhythmias, laryngospasm, and brain fog. Long-term complications can include cataracts, dental abnormalities, dry skin, and brittle nails.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis typically involves blood tests to measure levels of calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH), magnesium, and phosphate. Urine tests may also be performed. A thorough medical history and physical examination are also crucial.
Treatment
Treatment focuses on normalizing blood calcium levels to alleviate symptoms and prevent complications. This usually involves lifelong oral Calcium Supplements and active Vitamin D (calcitriol) to improve calcium absorption. In some cases, recombinant human parathyroid hormone (rhPTH) therapy may be considered, particularly for patients who do not respond adequately to conventional treatment. Regular monitoring of blood calcium and phosphorus levels is essential.
